Corrects based on the current error. If the error is big, the correction is big.
Thermal systems have large inertia. You will need a small ( K_p ), a very small ( K_i ) (to avoid windup), and possibly ( K_d = 0 ). Watch the Serial Plotter in Tinkercad to see the temperature rise smoothly to the setpoint without overshooting.
E=Setpoint−Current Valuecap E equals Setpoint minus Current Value The Arduino then calculates three separate responses:
Tinkercad’s code editor supports standard Arduino C++ code. You can either implement the PID formula manually or include a PID library by pasting the file contents directly into the code tab. Basic PID Code Structure DC MOTOR PID CONTROL - Tinkercad