: With the rise of cheap smartphones and low-cost data (like Jio in India), these videos moved from private transfers to massive viral distribution on platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, and specialized "tube" sites. The "Kand" Economy
If you are looking for how these catalogs were specifically used to select targets, the relevant paper is: mms+desi+kand
“Those who look for Kand find more than they bargain for,” Maun said. She pointed to the back room where a battered piano stood. “He loved to collect things. People left memories here sometimes, and he’d stitch them into MMS files for others to find.” : With the rise of cheap smartphones and