For in-depth study, the following textbooks and standards are industry benchmarks:
In modern structural engineering, the shift from Allowable Stress Design (ASD) to Limit State Design (LSD) limit state design of steel structures pdf
Design Loads and Combinations
The core philosophy of LSD is probabilistic. It recognizes that absolute safety is unattainable; instead, it aims to reduce the probability of failure to an acceptably low level. It achieves this by ensuring the structure can withstand various "limit states"—conditions beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design requirements. For in-depth study, the following textbooks and standards