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In contrast to welfare, animal rights is a non-anthropocentric framework, heavily influenced by the deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant, though extended beyond humans by philosophers like Tom Regan (1983). Regan argues that animals who are "subjects-of-a-life" (possessing beliefs, desires, memory, and a sense of the future) have inherent value independent of their utility to others. Consequently, they possess basic moral rights, most notably the right not to be treated as property.

While full rights remain elusive, there have been seismic shifts. In 2016, an Argentine court ruled that a chimpanzee named Cecilia was a "non-human legal person" and ordered her release from a zoo. In 2024, the state of New York passed legislation officially recognizing "elephant personhood" in the context of habeas corpus (challenging unlawful detention). These cases do not ban zoos, but they create legal cracks in the wall of property status. In contrast to welfare, animal rights is a